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Built-in Functions

Last Updated: 20th August, 2026

A function is a block of code that performs a specific task. R provides a wide range of built-in functions to perform common operations easily.

Common Built-in Functions

Function	Purpose
mean()	Calculate average
sum()	Add values
length()	Count elements
min() / max()	Find smallest / largest value
summary()	Statistical summary
str()	Structure of data

Example

numbers <- c(10, 20, 30, 40)

mean(numbers)
sum(numbers)
length(numbers)

Built-in functions save time and reduce the need to write repetitive code.

Writing User-Defined Functions

Why Create Your Own Functions?

User-defined functions help:

Avoid code repetition
Improve readability
Organize logic into reusable blocks

Syntax of a Function

function_name <- function(arguments) {
# function body
return(output)
}

Example

add_numbers <- function(a, b) {
result <- a + b
return(result)
}

add_numbers(5, 10)

Functions with Default Values

greet <- function(name = "User") {
paste("Hello", name)
}

Conditional Statements

What are Conditional Statements?

Conditional statements allow R to execute code based on conditions.

if Statement

score <- 75

if (score >= 50) {
print("Pass")
}

if...else Statement

if (score >= 50) {
print("Pass")
} else {
print("Fail")
}

if...else if...else

if (score >= 90) {
print("Excellent")
} else if (score >= 60) {
print("Good")
} else {
print("Needs Improvement")
}

Vectorized Condition: ifelse()

marks <- c(40, 60, 80)

ifelse(marks >= 50, "Pass", "Fail")

Loops in R

Why Use Loops?

Loops are used to repeat a block of code multiple times.

R provides three main loop structures:

for
while
repeat

for Loop

for (i in 1:5) {
print(i)
}

Used when the number of iterations is known.

while Loop

i <- 1
while (i <= 5) {
print(i)
i <- i + 1
}

Used when repetition depends on a condition.

repeat Loop

i <- 1
repeat {
print(i)
i <- i + 1
if (i > 5) {
break
}
}

Loop Control Statements

break → exits the loop
next → skips current iteration

for (i in 1:5) {
if (i == 3) next
print(i)
}

Module 5: Functions and Control Flow

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