R Console and Scripts

The R Console is where R executes commands immediately. When you type a command and press Enter, R processes it and shows the output.

Example:

Output appears instantly in the console.

Use cases of Console:

• Quick calculations
• Testing small pieces of code
• Exploring data interactively

However, console commands are not saved automatically.

An R Script is a file (with .R extension) where you write and save R code.

Advantages of scripts:

• Code is saved for future use
• Improves reproducibility
• Easier debugging and collaboration

Example script:

Best practice:
Use scripts for actual analysis and the console for quick testing.

Variables and Data Types

Variables store values in memory. R commonly uses the assignment operator <-.

Example:

You can also use = but <- is preferred in R programming.

The different Data Types in R are :

1. Numeric – decimal values

2. Integer – whole numbers

3. Character – text values

4. Logical – TRUE or FALSE

We can check a variable’s type using:

Understanding data types is crucial because R behaves differently based on the type of data.

Operators in R

Operators allow R to perform computations and comparisons.

1. Arithmetic Operators

Used for mathematical calculations.

Example:

2. Relational Operators

Used for comparisons.

Example:

3. Logical Operators

Logical operators are used to combine, compare, or negate conditions. They always return a logical value: TRUE or FALSE.

Example:

4. Assignment Operator

Used to assign values: